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- $Unique_ID{BRK04109}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Pierre Robin Syndrome}
- $Subject{Pierre Robin Syndrome Robin Syndrome Pierre Robin Anomalad Robin
- Anomalad Pierre Robin Sequence Robin Sequence Pierre Robin Complex
- Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular Syndrome Stickler Syndrome Treacher Collins Syndrome}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 651:
- Pierre Robin Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Pierre Robin Syndrome)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Robin Syndrome
- Pierre Robin Anomalad
- Robin Anomalad
- Pierre Robin Sequence
- Robin Sequence
- Pierre Robin Complex
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular Syndrome
- Stickler Syndrome
- Treacher Collins Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Pierre Robin Syndrome is characterized by a combination of three
- features, possibly due to the underdevelopment of the lower jaw. The lower
- jaw is abnormally small (micrognathia), the tongue is displaced downwards
- (glossoptosis), and there is an abnormal opening in the roof of the mouth
- (cleft soft palate).
-
- Symptoms
-
- Pierre Robin Syndrome is characterized by an unusually small jaw
- (micrognathia), downward displaced tongue (glossoptosis), and cleft soft
- palate.
-
- The placement of the tongue may obstruct normal breathing. If Pierre
- Robin infants have problems breathing, they may fail to thrive, have
- difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), and stop breathing temporarily. If
- this occurs, their skin might develop a bluish or purplish color due to a
- decrease of oxygen in the blood (cyanosis) which may deprive the brain of its
- normal oxygen supply. Pierre Robin infants may vomit and develop sleep
- disturbances that may persist into adulthood. Problems in breathing may lead
- to lung malfunction and enlargement of part of the heart (cor pulmonale),
- high blood pressure in the lung's arteries (pulmonary hypertension), and
- possibly lead to congestive heart failure.
-
- Causes
-
- The causes of Pierre Robin Syndrome are diverse since it can occur by itself
- or as a symptom of another disorder.
-
- Pierre Robin Syndrome appearing with no underlying disorder may be
- inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the
- classic genetic diseases are the product of the interaction of two genes for
- that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In
- recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits
- the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent. If one receives
- one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier
- for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting
- the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a
- recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children
- will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of
- their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent, and will
- be genetically normal.)
-
- Pierre Robin Syndrome may also result from mechanical constraint of the
- fetus in the womb, e.g., the chin may be compressed in such a way as to limit
- its normal development.
-
- Recent research suggests that the development of Pierre Robin Syndrome
- may also be influenced by drugs taken by a woman during pregnancy.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Pierre Robin Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. Less
- commonly it occurs as a feature in a multiple defect disorder such as Trisomy
- 18 Syndrome, Stickler Syndrome, or a number of other syndromes.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pierre Robin
- Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Stickler Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder inherited as a dominant
- trait. Eye defects including nearsightedness (myopia), teeth and bone
- abnormalities, deafness, and a flat face are characteristic of Stickler
- Syndrome. It is also characterized by the features of Pierre Robin Syndrome:
- unusually small lower jaw (micrognathia), downward placed tongue
- (glossoptosis), and cleft soft palate. (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Stickler" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder
- characterized by the features of Pierre Robin Syndrome plus rib and chest
- cavity (thorax) defects. There may be feeding, breathing, and speech
- difficulties. Occasionally, an unusually small head, mental retardation,
- abnormally placed fifth fingers, and bone abnormalities also occur. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Treacher Collins Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by
- deformities in the jaw and ears with deafness, cleft palate, and unusually
- slanted eyes. There may be difficulty in breathing due to a narrow airway.
- (For more information on this disorder, choose Treacher Collins as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Pierre Robin Syndrome can be detected while the fetus is still in the womb
- using ultrasound imaging.
-
- Infants with Pierre Robin Syndrome should be observed closely for
- breathing difficulties. Several methods of intervention are available to
- help the infant to breathe. A tube may be inserted in the infant's throat
- (intubation) or a surgical opening may be made into the trachea through the
- neck (tracheostomy) to assist the infant in breathing.
-
- Doctors may wait to see if the palate closes by itself in a few years
- before deciding to surgically correct the cleft soft palate. Surgery to
- improve the appearance of the jaw may also be recommended.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April
- 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Pierre Robin Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- FACES
- National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
- P.O. Box 11082
- Chattanooga, TN 37401
- (615) 266-1632
-
- National Craniofacial Foundation
- 3100 Carlisle Street, Suite 215
- Dallas, TX 75204
- 1-800-535-3643
-
- A Cleft Palate Team is a group of specialists who are primarily
- interested in the care of children having clefts. For information about
- local teams, contact:
-
- Prescription Parents (for cleft palate)
- P.O. Box 426
- Quincy, MA 02269
- (617) 479-2463
-
- American Cleft Palate Cranial Facial Association
- 1218 Granview Ave.
- Pittsburgh, PA 15211
- (412) 681-1376
- (800) 24CLEFT
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHHD)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- For Genetic Information and genetic counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 1138-1139.
-
- SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th ed.: K.L. Jones;
- W.B. Saunders Company, 1988. Pp. 196-199.
-
- GLOSSOPTOSIS-APNEA SYNDROME IN INFANCY: F. Cozzi and A. Pierro;
- Pediatrics (May, 1985: issue 75(5)). Pp. 836-843.
-
- THE PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME REASSESSED IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESEARCH:
- J.R. Edwards and D.R. Newall; Br J Plast Surg (July, 1985: issue 38(3)). Pp.
- 339-342.
-
-